This landmark work provides a systematic introduction to systems of modal logic and stands as the first presentation of what have become central ideas in philosophy of language and metaphysics, from the "new theory of reference" and non-linguistic necessity and essentialism to "Kripke semantics.".

In the early twentieth century, monasteries remained an integral part of the Orthodox world in Ukraine. Being in the womb of the all-Russian church system, monasticism constantly felt the effect of organizational, political and spiritual unifying tendencies. At the same time, the external isolation of the monasteries from secular and even purely church life, and its own sources of replenishment of the monastic layer contributed to preserving the specificity of the further development of the monastic form of religious tradition in (...) Ukraine. (shrink)

Appearing in English for the first time, Schelling’s 1842 lectures develop the idea that many philosophical concepts are born of religious-mythological notions.

Today, more and more attention is paid to self-employment, when, in the face of an exacerbated situation related to the spread of coronavirus, the authorities recommend people to work remotely. An important feature of self-employment is that such a form of social protection appears when the unemployed can overcome the crisis and find a new place to live with state assistance provided by employment services. The main focus of this article is to search for a comprehensive way to solve employment (...) problems at the state level through the use of self-employment, taking into account the economic and social aspects due to a change in a person's attitude to work. At the same time, the transition from passively dependent expectations in work to active creative work is carried out. The study used data from a sociological survey conducted jointly by the International Labor Organization and the International Organization of Employers. 127 organizations from 115 countries took part in the survey. To determine the portrait of the self-employed population, it was decided to use the results of a survey of the target group and a focus group conducted by the Center for Applied Economic Research. (shrink)

У статті розглянуто питання промислового розвитку Донецького басейну, зокрема формування й розвиток вугільної й металургійної промисловості, які припадають на другу половину ХIХ - початок ХХ століття. Коротко описано найбільш важливі події та внесок українських і зарубіжних дослідників і підприємців у промислові перетворення на сході України. Показано, що бурхливий розвиток гірничо-металургійної промисловості та транспорту Донецького басейну в останній третині ХIХ ст. нерозривно пов'язаний з опануванням залізних руд Криворіжжя, тобто із системним розвитком важкої промисловості Ліво- і Правобережної України. Обґрунтовано, чому формування Донбасу (...) як промислового центру України доцільно розглядати як важливу складову глобального процесу світових промислових перетворень. (shrink)

This series of articles systematizes the events of settlement and economic development of vast spaces of North America, Australia, South Africa and North Asia, which are related to the movement of gold and diamond hunters. A chronological survey of the events is offered, the general phenomenon analyzed as well as specific aspects of its historical, mining, geological and organizational constituents covered. The material is divided into three separate but thematically united parts which describe the phenomenon of gold rush-spontaneous large-scale gold (...) mining at newly discovered deposits in remote parts of the world in the second half of the 19th century - the early 20th century. The impact of gold rushes in North America and Australia on the processes of global economic and financial transformations is shown. Large outputs resulted in setting a monetary gold standard which had been in place up to World War I: a wide turnover of gold coins, displacement of silver which began to act as token money as well as free exchange of paper money for gold coins. The above contributed to a sustainable development of world money relations which gave rise to a global financial system in the modern sense; a significant banks' influence on economic transformations as well as establishment of international centers for financial capital. Huge gold reserves were purposefully accumulated in the USA which, extracting an ample quantity of gold in its territory, bought up a considerable part of the world gold output, which eventually secured the key status of the American currency in world trade. Extracted gold played a key role in provision of financial resources for large-scale industrial development of the industrial epoch. Numerous migrations of working people from gold mining sites promoted the development and settlement of remote territories as well as the utilization of their natural resources in the global economic development. (shrink)

У циклі статей систематизовано події заселення та економічного освоєння величезних просторів Північної Америки, Австралії, Південної Африки, Північної Азії, що пов'язані з рухом шукачів золота й алмазів. Наведено хронологічний огляд подій, дано аналіз феномену, розкриті особливості його історичної, гірничо-геологічної й організаційної складових. Матеріал розділено на три окремі, але тематично поєднані частини, що описують явище "золотої лихоманки" - стихійного масового видобування золота на нововідкритих родовищах у другій половині ХІХ - на початку ХХ ст. у віддалених частинах світу.

This series of articles systematizes the events of settlement and economic development of vast spaces of North America, Australia, South Africa and North Asia, which are related to the movement of gold and diamond hunters. A chronological survey of the events is offered, the general phenomenon analyzed as well as specific aspects of its historical, mining, geological and organizational constituents covered. The material is divided into three separate but thematically united parts which describe the phenomenon of gold rush-spontaneous large-scale gold (...) mining at newly discovered deposits in remote parts of the world in the second half of the 19th century - the early 20th century. The impact of gold rushes in North America and Australia on the processes of global economic and financial transformations is shown. Large outputs resulted in setting a monetary gold standard which had been in place up to World War I: a wide turnover of gold coins, displacement of silver which began to act as token money as well as free exchange of paper money for gold coins. The above contributed to a sustainable development of world money relations which gave rise to a global financial system in the modern sense; a significant banks' influence on economic transformations as well as establishment of international centers for financial capital. Huge gold reserves were purposefully accumulated in the USA which, extracting an ample quantity of gold in its territory, bought up a considerable part of the world gold output, which eventually secured the key status of the American currency in world trade. Extracted gold played a key role in provision of financial resources for large-scale industrial development of the industrial epoch. Numerous migrations of working people from gold mining sites promoted the development and settlement of remote territories as well as the utilization of their natural resources in the global economic development. In the proposed third part, the authors cover events in North Asia - in the Urals and Siberia. (shrink)

The role of the primitive mining in providing civilization advancement of the Stone Age communities is shown. The ways of the first minerals development are explored. The technological techniques and mining tools used by miners of the Neolithic flint extraction mines as well as the methods of clay extraction and usage are analyzed. The formation of the established mining communities and their role in obtaining and sharing professional experience is researched. Attention is drawn to the insufficient considering the factors of (...) primitive mining activity in the developing historical scientific notations about the late Stone Age social development. (shrink)

Little-studied issues of miners' society organization is analyzed in the article. Role of miners' traditions and beliefs is shown in foundation and development mining. Influence of Cistercian's Order for beginning of mining was under consideration. Monastic organization and religious motivation of "White Friars" for mining were scope. Christian and professional traditions' influence on life organization of mining artelsand on formation special feature of miners' societies was reveal. Tutelar saints of miners were describe, particular - St. Barbara. Traditions and beliefs were (...) considered from the side of mining society's separateness, protection of miner's knowledge and experience from wide spread occurrence, it gave them special privileges. Question of tradition revival for modern professional and students' environment was studied. (shrink)

У статті підкреслене цивілізаційне значення відкриття перших виробничих металів, розкриті передумови освоєння руд й основні етапи освоєння металів, що пов'язані з багатовіковим досвідом попередньої гірничої діяльності людства. Авторами запропонована гіпотеза народження металургії в надрах сталих спільнот архаїчних гірників, умотивованих не тільки утилітарними, але й сакральними чинниками. Нова гіпотеза розглядається в порівнянні з усталеними версіями випадкового відкриття металів.

У статті аналізуються основні рушії епохи Великих географічних відкриттів, зокрема прагнення до коштовних металів Нового світу; систематизовано історичний огляд опанування мінеральних скарбів Іспанської Америки, розглянуті основні осередки видобутку золота й срібла, показана роль конкістадорів в організації гірничих робіт і доля автохтонного населення, змушеного працювати в численних рудниках, оцінене значення мінеральних ресурсів Нового світу для становлення світової фінансової системи й міжнародної торгівлі ХVI - ХVII ст.

У статті розкрито маловідомі факти першої спроби глобальної монополізації гірничо-металургійної промисловості Європи в часи пізнього середньовіччя. Проаналізовані історичні й суспільно-політичні причини, а також технічний рівень і технологічні досягнення гірничих підприємств ХVI ст., що сприяли такій можливості. На прикладі Якоба Фуггера показана роль видатної особистості, яка спромоглася значно прискорити промислово-фінансовий розвиток Європи й започаткувати деякі його форми в Іспанській Америці.

У статті проаналізовані історичні витоки, сучасний стан, проблеми й перспективи ревалоризації давніх підземних споруд і гірничих пам'яток у світі та в Україні. Наведені приклади успішних проектів ревалоризації давніх гірничих об'єктів і створення підземних туристичних трас. Розкриті завдання для гуманітарної та інженерної сфер діяльності щодо музеєфікації давніх рудників й об'єктів підземного будівництва.

У статті проведено аналіз архівних документів і літературних джерел щодо відкриття й початку промислового освоєння Донецького вугільного басейну. Розкрита роль населення Східної України й місцевих еліт в опануванні перших вугільних родовищ. Показано внесок Карла Гаскойна та інженерів його команди в будівництво першої вугільної шахти й становлення системних геологічних досліджень на сході України.

We describe the historical process of establishment and development of the first industrial centers of oil production in the Eastern Carpathians. Oil in Europe starts only in the late Middle Ages based on deposits of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians. The first step, which formed a large-scale oil needs was the invention of kerosene and kerosene lamps for lighting fixtures homes and streets changed significantly for the better life of the people. Technology first distillation and chemical treatment of crude oil (...) was developed in1853 inLviv chemists and pharmacists Johann Zeg and Ignatius Lukasevych. Numerous oil fields on the territory of Ukraine, Poland and Romania in central Europe had the shortest route to European consumers, new requirements form the use of oil and were kind of testing ground for the introduction of new technological ideas and scientific developments. (shrink)

With precision and profundity born of 30 years of devoted study, John Boyle offers an essential introduction to St. Thomas Aquinas on Scripture, shedding helpful light on the goals, methods, and commitments that animate the Angelic Doctor's engagement with the sacred page. Because the genius of St. Thomas's approach to the Bible lies not so much in its novelty but rather in the fidelity and clarity with which he recapitulates the riches of the preceding interpretive Tradition, this initiation into St. (...) Thomas's vision of Scripture is itself an orientation to the Church's vision of Scripture, from the Fathers through and beyond the Middle Ages. St. Thomas's embeddedness within the Church's Tradition and his own historical context is integral to his approach to Scripture, yet it sets him at some distance from modern readers, for whom his interpretive vision may seem perplexing or even impenetrable. In this Primer, Boyle first provides an acclimation to this medieval context through a survey and explanation of pertinent technical terminology used by St. Thomas and characteristic of the scholastic theology of the time. With an eye to the medieval practice of considering Scripture according to the fourfold division of causes, Boyle builds on this initial foundation by exploring in turn St. Thomas's accounts of the end or use of Scripture (final cause), its divine and human authorship (efficient cause), its order and division (material cause), and its literary styles or genres (formal cause). Drawing on writings from across St. Thomas's corpus, but especially his work On the Commendation and Division of Sacred Scripture and the prologues to his biblical commentaries, Boyle masterfully elucidates both the hermeneutical principles and deep wisdom of the Angelic Doctor's approach to Scripture, imparting invaluable guidance not only for reading and understanding St. Thomas and other great masters of the Tradition, but also-and ultimately-for understanding Scripture in light of this Tradition and reading it with greater benefit and joy. (shrink)

We upgrade the light Dialectica interpretation [6] by adding two more light universal quantifiers, which are both semi-computational and semi-uniform and complement each other. An illustrative example is presented for the new light quantifiers and a new application is given for the older uniform quantifier. The realizability of new light negative formulations for the Axiom of Choice and for the Independence of Premises is explored in the new setting.

У статті досліджено сучасний стан вітчизняного ринку праці та визначено актуальні проблеми його розвитку з урахуванням економічного та правового аспектів державного управління у сфері праці. Обґрунтовано необхідність удосконалення заходів у галузі регулювання зайнятості населення з метою підвищення рівня життя в державі на основі зростання кількості робочих місць та працюючих підприємств. Узагальнено особливості сучасного етапу розвитку українського ринку праці та визначено доцільність проведення більш активної політики держави та органів місцевого самоврядування у сфері галузевої, професійно-кваліфікаційної й територіальної структури цього ринку. Зроблено висновок (...) про необхідність удосконалення правового забезпечення інституційних та соціальних передумов розвитку ринку праці та зайнятості населення як на державному, так і на місцевому рівні. (shrink)

Today, more and more attention is paid to self-employment, when, in the face of an exacerbated situation related to the spread of coronavirus, the authorities recommend people to work remotely. An important feature of self-employment is that such a form of social protection appears when the unemployed can overcome the crisis and find a new place to live with state assistance provided by employment services. The main focus of this article is to search for a comprehensive way to solve employment (...) problems at the state level through the use of self-employment, taking into account the economic and social aspects due to a change in a person's attitude to work. At the same time, the transition from passively dependent expectations in work to active creative work is carried out. The study used data from a sociological survey conducted jointly by the International Labor Organization and the International Organization of Employers. 127 organizations from 115 countries took part in the survey. To determine the portrait of the self-employed population, it was decided to use the results of a survey of the target group and a focus group conducted by the Center for Applied Economic Research. (shrink)

"The chief business of twentieth-century philosophy” is “to reckon with twentieth-century history," claimed R. G. Collingwood. In this remarkable collection of essays, Frank Ankersmit demonstrates the prescience of that remark and goes a long way toward meeting its challenge. Responding to the work of Hayden White, Arthur Danto, and Hans-Georg Gadamer, he examines such issues as the difference between historical representation and artistic expression, the status of metaphor in historical description, and the relation of postmodernism to historicism. Ankersmit's fluent grasp (...) of European thought and his ability to incorporate concepts from literary theory, art history, the philosophy of science, and political thought into his analyses assure that this collection will interest readers throughout the humanities. (shrink)

Ethics for Enemies comprises three original philosophical essays on torture, terrorism, and war. F. M. Kamm deploys ethical theory in her challenging new treatments of these most controversial practical issues. First she considers the nature of torture and the various occasions on which it could occur, in order to determine why it might be wrong to torture a wrongdoer held captive, even if this were necessary to save his victims. In the second essay she considers what makes terrorism wrong--whether it (...) is the intention to harm civilians, rather than harm to them being 'collateral damage,' or something else--and whether terrorism is always wrong. The third essay discusses whether having a right reason, in the sense of a right intention, is necessary in order for a war to be just. Kamm then examines ways in which the harms of war can be proportional to the achievement of the just cause and other goods that war can bring about, so as to make the declaration of war permissible. (shrink)

This is an English translation of Schelling's Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature (first published in 1797 and revised in 1803), one of the most significant works in the German tradition of philosophy of nature and early nineteenth-century philosophy of science. It stands in opposition to the Newtonian picture of matter as constituted by inert, impenetrable particles, and argues instead for matter as an equilibrium of active forces that engage in dynamic polar opposition to one another. In the revisions of (...) 1803 Schelling incorporated this dialectical view into a neo-Platonic conception of an original unity divided upon itself. The text is of more than simply historical interest: its daring and original vision of nature, philosophy, and empirical science will prove absorbing reading for all philosophers concerned with post-Kantian German idealism, for scholars of German Romanticism, and for historians of science. (shrink)

Neuroscience has studied deductive reasoning over the last 20 years under the assumption that deductive inferences are not only de jure but also de facto distinct from other forms of inference. The objective of this research is to verify if logically valid deductions leave any cerebral electrical trait that is distinct from the trait left by non-valid deductions. 23 subjects with an average age of 20.35 years were registered with MEG and placed into a two conditions paradigm (100 trials for (...) each condition) which each presented the exact same relational complexity (same variables and content) but had distinct logical complexity. Both conditions show the same electromagnetic components (P3, N4) in the early temporal window (250–525 ms) and P6 in the late temporal window (500–775 ms). The significant activity in both valid and invalid conditions is found in sensors from medial prefrontal regions, probably corresponding to the ACC or to the medial prefrontal cortex. The amplitude and intensity of valid deductions is significantly lower in both temporal windows (p = 0.0003). The reaction time was 54.37% slower in the valid condition. Validity leaves a minimal but measurable hypoactive electrical trait in brain processing. The minor electrical demand is attributable to the recursive and automatable character of valid deductions, suggesting a physical indicator of computational deductive properties. It is hypothesized that all valid deductions are recursive and hypoactive. (shrink)

I present a possible worlds semantics for a hyperintensional belief revision operator, which reduces the logical idealization of cognitive agents affecting similar operators in doxastic and epistemic logics, as well as in standard AGM belief revision theory. (Revised) belief states are not closed under classical logical consequence; revising by inconsistent information does not perforce lead to trivialization; and revision can be subject to ‘framing effects’: logically or necessarily equivalent contents can lead to different revisions. Such results are obtained without resorting (...) to non-classical logics, or to non-normal or impossible worlds semantics. The framework combines, instead, a standard semantics for propositional S5 with a simple mereology of contents. (shrink)

razdel I. Istoriko-filosofskie issledovanii︠a︡ -- razdel II. Filosofskie i sot︠s︡ialʹno-politicheskie problemy -- razdel III. Istorii︠a︡ v lit︠s︡akh.